- The following points summarize the key similarities and differences between R and SAS: Both systems have been designed for statistical programming and analytics. The R environment contains only one programming language. In the SAS System multiple “sub-languages” are used (SAS/BASE with its data step, Macro language, IML etc.).
- The bulk of SAS Programming occurs. At this stage, you will get to know the types of documents that a programmer needs to familiarize. Next comes SAS data followed by a review of the evolution of standards and the current data standards. You will get an appreciation of these data standards in analyzing data and generating SAS reports.
Have you ever tried to pass comma-delimited values to SAS macro or to a SAS macro function? How can SAS distinguish commas separating parameters or arguments from commas separating parts of the values?
Passing comma-delimited value as an argument to a SAS macro function
Let’s say you want to extract the first word from the following string of characters (these words represent column names in the SASHELP.CARS data table):
SAS® Cheat Sheet SAS Language ATTRIB var n; Associates a format, informat, label, and/or lengt h with one or more variables CARDS or CARDS4 DATALINES or DATALINES4 Indicates that data lines follow (suffix of 4 if d ata has ‘;’s.
make, model, type, origin
If you run the following code:
%let firstvar = %scan(make, model, type, origin, 1);
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you get is the following ERROR in your SAS log:
ERROR: Macro function %SCAN has too many arguments.
That is because %scan macro function sees and treats those make, model, type and origin as arguments since commas between them are interpreted as argument separators.
Even if you “hide” your comma-delimited value within a macro variable, it still won’t do any good since the macro variable gets resolved during macro compilation before being passed on to a macro or macro function for execution.
%let mylist = make, model, type, origin;
%let firstvar = %scan(&mylist, 1);
You will still get the same ERROR:
ERROR: Macro function %SCAN has too many arguments.
Passing comma-delimited value as a parameter to a SAS macro
Try submitting the following code that passes your macro variable value to a SAS macro as a parameter:
You will get another version of the SAS log ERROR:
ERROR: All positional parameters must precede keyword parameters.
NOTE: Line generated by the macro variable 'MYLIST'.
1 type, origin
----
180
ERROR 180-322: Statement is not valid or it is used out of proper order.
In this case, macro %subset gets as confused as the %scan function above because your macro variable will get resolved during macro compilation, and SAS macro processor will see the macro invocation as:
%subset(dsname=SASHELP.CARS, varlist=make, model, type, origin)
treating each comma as a parameter separator.
All this confusion happens because SAS functions’ arguments and SAS macros’ parameters use commas as their separators, while resolved macro variables introduce their own values’ comma delimiters into the functions/macros constructs’ picture, thus wreaking havoc on your SAS program.
It’s time for a vacation
But don’t panic! To fight that chaos, you need to take a vacation. Not a stay-home, do-nothing vacation, but some serious vacation, with faraway destination and travel arrangements. While real vacation is preferable, an imaginary one would do it too. I mean to start fighting the mess with comma-separated values, pick your destination, book your hotel and flight, and start packing your stuff.
Do you have a “vacation items list”? In my family, we have an individual vacation list for every family member. How many items do you usually take with you? Ten, twenty, a hundred?
Regardless, you don’t show up at the airport checkpoint with a pile of your vacation items. That would’ve been too messy. I don’t think you would be even allowed boarding with an unpacked heap of your stuff. You come to an airport neatly rolling a single item that is called a suitcase. Well, I suppose that some of you may have two of them, but I can’t imagine more than that.
You only started your fantasy vacation, you haven’t even checked in to your flight, but you have already have a solution in your sight, a perfect combine-and-conquer solution for passing comma-delimited values. Even if you have not yet realized that it’s in your plain view.
Thinking inside the box
Forget about “thinking outside the box” metaphor. You can’t solve all your problems with a single strategy. Sometimes, you need to turn your thinking on its head to solve, or even to see the problem.
As for your airport check-in, instead of thinking outside the box, you thought “inside the box” and brought your many items “boxed” as a single item – a suitcase. A container, in a broader sense.
That is exactly how we are going to approach our comma-delimited lists problem. We are going to check them in to a macro or a macro function as a single, boxed item. Just like this:
Or like this:
Not surprisingly, SAS macro language provides a variety of these wonder boxes for many special occasions collectively known as macro quoting functions. Personally, I would prefer calling them “macro masking functions,” as they have nothing to do with “quoting” per se and have everything to do with masking various characters during macro compilation or macro processing. But that is what “macro quoting” means – masking, boxing, - similar to “quoting” a character string to make it a single entity.
Forget about the “thinking outside the box” metaphor. You can’t solve all your problems with a single strategy. Sometimes, you need to turn your thinking on its head to solve, or even to see the problem.Different macro quoting functions mask different special characters (+ - , / ; = etc.) and mnemonics (AND OR GT EQ etc.) so that the macro facility interprets them as text instead of as language symbols.
Here are all 7 SAS macro quoting functions, two of which work at macro compilation - %STR() and %NRSTR(), while other 5 work at macro execution - %QUOTE() and %NRQUOTE(), %BQUOTE() and %NRBQUOTE(), and %SUPERQ().
You may look up what symbols they mask and the timing they apply (macro compilation vs. macro execution) in this macro quoting functions summary. You may also want to look at the following cheat sheet: Deciding When to Use a Macro Quoting Function and Which Function to Use.
As general rule of thumb, use macro quoting functions at compilation time when you mask text constants - (make, model, type, origin); use macro quoting functions at execution time when you mask macro or macro variable references containing & or % - (&mylist).
NOTE: There are many other SAS macro functions that besides their main role also perform macro quoting, e.g. %QSCAN(), %QSUBSTR() and others; they all start with %Q.
Masking commas within a comma-delimited value passed as an argument or a parameter
It turns out that to mask (or to “box”) comma-separated values in a macro function or a SAS macro, any macro quoting function will work. In this case I would suggest using the simplest (and shortest) %STR(). %STR() applies during macro compilation and serves as a perfect “box” for our comma-delimited values to hide (mask) commas to receiving macro function or a macro does not confuse them with its own commas separating arguments / parameters.
Macro Sas Put
With it we can re-write our above examples as:
%let firstvar = %scan(%str(make, model, type, origin), 1);
%put &=firstvar;
SAS log will produce exactly what we expected:
FIRSTVAR=make
Similarly, we can call the above SAS macro as:
%subset(dsname=SASHELP.CARS, varlist=%str(make, model, type, origin) )
It will run without ERRORs and produce a print of the SASHELP.CARS data table with 4 columns specified by the varlist parameter value:
Masking commas within a macro variable value passed as an argument or parameter
Sas Macros Cheat Sheet Download
Expansion - europa universalis iv: common sense. When you assign a comma-delimited list as a value to a macro variable, we want to mask commas within the resolved value during execution. Any of the execution time macro quoting functions will mask comma.
Sas Macro Cheat Sheet
Again, in case of multiple possibilities I would use the shortest one - %QUOTE().
With it we can re-write our above examples as:
But just keep in mind that the remaining 4 execution time macro quoting functions - %NRQUOTE(), %BQUOTE(), %NRBQUOTE() and %SUPERQ() - will work too.
NOTE: The syntax of the %SUPERQ() function is quite different from the rest of the pack. The %SUPERQ() macro function takes as its argument either a macro variable name without an ampersand or a macro text expression that yields a macro variable name without an ampersand.
Get it going
I realize that macro quoting is not a trivial matter. That is why I attempted to explain its concept on a very simple yet powerful use case. Hope you will expand on this to empower your SAS coding skills.